Vaccine Production The Egg Based Method - 2158 Words

Vaccines play an important part in how we deal with diseases. It allows you to increase your immunity to the disease for any future attacks and also prevents outbreaks of diseases. In producing a vaccine there are three the first steps is Inactivation, Second step Purification, and the step is Formulation. Within these steps there are three main methods of vaccine production the Egg-based method, Cell Cultured method, and the Recombinant DNA method. These three main methods produce the different types of vaccines that we currently have today. What is a Vaccine? Vaccines are an important necessity to us, due to its creation we â€Å"enable our body s natural defenses, i.e. our immune system, to fight and defend our body against a disease. When the vaccine is injected into our body, it will trigger an immune response in the same way our body would respond after an exposure to the virus, but without the person suffering symptoms of the disease. Our body s immune system will detect and recognize the pieces of virus or the killed/weakened virus (also known as the antigen) in the vaccine as a foreign invader. Our immune system will then start an immune response by producing proteins called antibodies. The antibody proteins produced by our body during an immune response will then identify and neutralize these foreign viruses or viral particles† (Understanding Vaccines, 2014). Having had this first initial attack from the antigen allows for a faster immune response in any futureShow MoreRelatedVaccination Types Of Influ enza Vaccination927 Words   |  4 Pagesinactivated. Currently, most common type of influenza vaccine is the inactivated type which is grown in chicken eggs. The egg-based production method has its advantages, but its many drawbacks are leading to a shift towards the live-attenuated vaccine which is produced in cell cultures. Both vaccination types protect against the influenza virus by triggering an immune response in the body that releases antibodies to fight off the virus. In the inactivated vaccine, the influenza virus is killed so that it cannotRead MoreEssay about Influenza Vaccines841 Words   |  4 Pageshospitalization and deaths each year. The aim of receiving an annual vaccine is to prevent spreading infections. Since flu outbreaks vary, it is recommended that individuals receive a vaccination for the flu every year, especially for those at high risk for developing serious complications from influenza infections. (Davidson, 2007-2009, Davis, 2007). Vaccines are created using several different methods. However, all vaccines share a similar general goal. That is to weaken the virus or bacteriaRead MoreThe Influenza Virus : Viral And Contagious Disease Essay2013 Words   |  9 Pagesthere were no effective treatments that helped kill the viral strain or prevent its spread. At the time, people were ordered to wear masks, and public entities like schools were closed for an extended period of time. Even today, there are very few methods of remedy other than rest, fluids, and staying warm. One drug that was approved by the FDA in 1999 that treated for influenza in adults was oseltamivir, or Tamiflu. However, it wasn’t put to use until 2005 in Southeast Asia when the H5N1 avian influenzaRead MoreVeterinary Medicine Case Study923 Words   |  4 Pagesand specific diagnosis of animal diseases (Jain, 2002). This paper will review the current and potential uses of biotechnology in veterinary diagnostics. IMPROVED IMMUNOASSAYS Conventional immunoassays for the diagnosis of animal diseases have been based on the detection of antibody to the pathogen of interest, using techniques such as virus neutralisation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), complement fixation and agar gel immunodiffusion (Langedijk, et al., 2001). These assays generally relyRead MoreCost Analysis of a Poultry Farm in Nigeria7715 Words   |  31 PagesRearing 7 6. Watering and Feeding 8 7. Feed and Feeding 8 8. Vaccination 10 9. Ideal Vaccination Schedule 11 10. Methods of Individual Vaccination 12 11. Disease Prevention 13 12. Beak Trimming 16 13. How to limit Effect of Heat 17 14. How to distinguish laying from non laying birds 19 15. Egg Quality 19 16. Water 20 17 Record Keeping 23 18. Disposal of Dead Birds 23 19. Waste management 23 20 ProjectRead MorePrevention Of The Anti Vaccination Movement1472 Words   |  6 Pagesharmful conditions is without a doubt terrifying. However, what many individuals forget or simply fail to appreciate is how much safer vaccines are currently and how rigorously they are tested prior to widespread inoculation. In fact when looking at what the risks where when vaccinations where first developed to when scientists were trying to develop a cure or vaccine for Polio the testing, creation, and safety has improved by leagues. Salk’s vaccination killed eleven individuals a few short weeksRead MoreA Brief Note On Lipid Based Delivery Systems1499 Words   |  6 Pages4.2.4.1.2 Biphasic vesicles Lipid based delivery systems which are composed of both liposomes and emulsions are called biphasic systems. Biphasic vesicle systems provide several advantages as a topical carrier system such as have multichamber structure allow encapsulation and co-encapsulation of various therapeutics of different weight range with different solubilities. Biphasic systems are evaluated for many vaccine candidates including proteins, nucleotides, recombinant subunits and classicalRead MoreJoint Venture2556 Words   |  11 Pagesinvestment in SPAFAS increased production of SPF eggs in the United States. Rarity For CRL, resources were important and ALPES represented an opportunity for them. ALPES was the sole producer of SPF eggs in Mexico. A joint venture with ALPES would give CRL a market where basically no competition exists. To enhance this opportunity, CRL will need to contribute funds for the joint venture which would ultimately increase the SPF egg production capacity. Adding this production in Mexico would give competitiveRead MoreH1N11606 Words   |  7 PagesFor the assessment of progress, there have not yet been developed exercises and tests to check the capacity of the laboratory, but these critical activity requirements still work. Quantitative production of the A (H1N1) anti-viral vaccine - specific or cocktail - with other large-scale antiviral vaccines - is provided by global drug manufacturers. The unanimous population of the population, well-maintained media (Swine flu crisis - H1N1 virus out of control. Cherie Blair, wife of ex-PM TonyRead MoreVaccines : Defense Against Disease Or Illness?1657 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines: Defense Against Disease or Initiators of Illness? Human beings are not invincible, for they are susceptible to things such as sickness, disease, and death. Throughout the years, humans have faced numerous outbreaks of different illnesses. In response to such outbreaks, people searched for ways to protect themselves. One protection method was vaccination. The creation of the first vaccine, the further development of common vaccinations, and the varied responses to vaccination have greatly

The Organizational Structure And Behavior At Pluto...

Introduction: This paper critically examines the organizational structure and behaviour at Pluto Telecommunications. Through an analysis of the relationship among the job design, motivation, structural form and the work culture the paper aims to suggest a plan of action to rectify the challenges. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION The case does not delve into specific factors and rather talks about the various departmental cultures and motivators. The company’s growth strategy is disconnected from the organizational strategy and communications at the highest level are lacking or ineffective. Sales have a short term incentive, marketing has a longer term view, (and an opinion of themselves) and Customer Service has a medium term view.†¦show more content†¦However Ms Tsang’s leadership style does not appear to have driven constructive and active participation from her team. Nor has she communicated a vision of a company that they can buy into. By combining transactional and transformational styles of leadership, she may be able to develop subordinates to their highest potential (Bass and Avolio, 1990). While I would argue that her personal style is limiting the company’s growth, I did wonder if gender is impacting her ability to bring about transformational change. However, the work done by Bass, Avolio and Atwater argues that women have as good a chance as men to lead in a transformational way. Work, Motivation, Objective alignment and / or collective goals This is the cornerstone of the issues within Pluto. Marchington and Wilkonson (2013) reference a fundamental issue that exists within Pluto: Lack of Identification with Employer Goals. The three departmental leads are oblivious to the challenges that they are causing nor the impact that it is having on the overall company. Veronica has a Laissez-Faire Leadership style, but she isn’t managing to this style by monitoring the output, (Organizational Behavior, pg. 38) of the team which is causing problems. There is a clear lack of cohesion between the three team. Sales have objectives that are structured and are incentivized to perform their tasks. They clearly want to boost

Business Society and Planet Public Relations

Question: Discuss about the Business Society and Planet for Public Relations. Answer: Sales and Marketing Manager: I have to think about the deal that was proposed by the Minister of Punjab. Our company has some ethical practices. If our company does not follow ethical codes of conduct, then the community might create a misconception about the company. I have to think other ways of getting the job done. What is your opinion? Sales Area Manager: I will agree with the opinion of the Minister of Punjab. According to me, giving a part of commission to him will not hamper the profit of the company. His support will help the company to penetrate into Indian market. Soft drinks market of India is huge. Coca Cola can make immense profit by selling its various ranges of products in the market. Sales and Marketing Manager: Okay, you have a point. However, I have to think over it. It is a huge responsibility for me. Creating agricultural jobs for 50,000 people in Punjab is not at all an easy task. The senior management of the company have to think over it. We have to think about fulfilling the requirements of the Indian government. Sales Area Manager: You have a point Sir. We have to rethink on the matter. It will be a big decision of the company to enter into the soft drinks market of Coca-Cola. Many factors we have to consider while taking the decision of market penetration. Sales and Marketing Manager: Exactly, this is the point I am thinking about. We have to analyze both the requirements of the company and Punjab government in order to enter a joint venture with the Punjab government (Pop et al. 2014). Sales Area Manager: Well, I think that we should propose a meeting with the marketing and sales team along with the strategic management team. Their opinion is also required for making this decision. However, CEO is in favour of the proposal of the Minister of Punjab. After a moment of thinking with the proposal of Sales Area Manager, he agreed to the meeting with the other operational managers of the company. Sales Marketing Manager: Ok man. Go ahead with the meeting. Inform the managers about the issue of the ethical dilemma and send a mail regarding the timing of the meeting. Make sure that every manager must attend the meeting. It is of first priority. Sales Area Manager: Yes Sir. I will do it accordingly. I am sending the mail to the managers of the branch regarding the meeting and informing them to gather at the conference hall. Sales Marketing Manager: Ok. Do whatever you want. Make them gather at a place as soon as possible. I have to discuss the issue with them. Opinion of the managers is also very important. Well in this meeting, I will also get to know about their awareness level regarding the ethical code of conduct of the company (Frederick 2013). Few hours passed. The managers of the branch gradually gathered at the conference hall. Everyone is discussing about the market penetration of Coca Cola in India. Sales Marketing Manager arrived at the location within a while. Sales Marketing Manager: Hello managers. A very good afternoon to you all. Hope all of you are doing well. I assume that everybody know about the topic of discussion in the meeting. Well, before starting the meeting, I want to give you a brief regarding the topic. After the briefing, I would expect about your valuable opinion regarding the ethical issues faced by the company in terms of market penetration. After the meeting is over, the marketing manager is surprised after hearing the opinions of the managers regarding the ethical issues. He thinks of discussing the matter with the CEO of Coca Cola. In the meanwhile, CEO asked the manager about his opinion regarding the expansion of the company in Punjab. CEO: Manager, what is your decision related to our Punjab government joint venture. I have heard that you have headed a meeting over the office. Can you provide the details of the meeting you have done with our branch managers. What are the points that the branch managers have raised about the joint venture? I want every details of it. Sales Marketing Manager: Yes sir, i will convey each details of the conference. Sir, I am surprised that our managers do not have a clear conception about the ethical codes of conduct. CEO: Why are you surprised man? What happened? What did the managers say about our ethical codes of conduct? Just tell me everything about it. Sales Marketing Manager: Surely, sir, I have noticed that the managers do not have any basic conception about the new policies of ethical codes of conduct. Hence, the opinions they are giving regarding our joint venture cannot be considered. Since our company follows participative leadership, another meeting should be conducted related to the issue of joint venture with the Punjab government (Stone 2013). CEO: Is it really so? Our managers do not acquaint the new policies. We have to inform the message to the human resource department. The HR managers will have to formulate a training and development program with an objective to convey the new improved ethical codes of conduct of Coca Cola. Otherwise, they will not be able to take any decision related to the expansion of the company or any other decisions related to clients (Kaptein 2013). Sales Marketing Manager: Definitely Sir. I will take care of the matter. You can trust me. I am assuring you that this matter will be solved within few days. At this very moment, i will focus on the joint venture. I have to discuss the matter to the Strategic management team. CEO: Surely. Let me know what are their opinions regarding 50,000 agricultural jobs in Punjab. Sales Marketing Manager: Yes sir, I will let you know. Sales Area Manager comes to the office of the Sales Marketing Manager. He again pushes the marketing manager to accept the proposal of the Minister of the Punjab. However, Sales Marketing Manager decides to have a conversation with the Minister of Punjab. Sales Marketing Manager: Hi, this is Jitender Singh, Sales and Marketing Manager of Coca Cola. Can I have a word with the Minister of Punjab? Minister of Punjab: Yes speaking. How are you doing? Sales Marketing Manager: I am doing well. Thank You. I have called you regarding the 50,000 agricultural jobs in Punjab. Is it the right time to talk to you? Minister of Punjab: Yeah Sure. What is your companys decision regarding my deal? Is it fair enough? What is your CEO is telling regarding my proposal? Sales Marketing Manager: Sir, I wanted to tell you that we respect your proposal. However, our company has some ethical codes of conduct that does not support your proposal (Seele and Lock 2015). Will you agree to complete the deal with another means except the commission? Minister of Punjab: No, it is not possible for me. I want jobs in the agricultural sector of Punjab, which your company is providing. The deal is final and I want commission to grant the joint venture between the Punjab government and Coca Cola. Sales Marketing Manager: Ok sir. We will let you know about the decision of the company. Thank you for your valuable time. Within this telephonic conversation, the Sales Area Manager enters. Sales Marketing Manager informed about the telephonic conversation between him and Minister of Punjab. Sales Area Manager: I have already told you sir that the Minister of Punjab will not agree with our companys proposal. The company will face many political hindrances if it rejects the proposal of the Minister. Political dearth of Punjab is high. I think that Coca Cola should agree to provide commission to the Minister (DiStaso and Bortree 2014). Sales Marketing Manager: You might be right. Well manager I have to rethink over it, as it violates our ethical conduct. It is a very critical decision for our company to maintain the image of the brand in the Indian market. Sales Area Manager: I agree with your point Sir. We should consult about the conversation with the strategic management department and the CEO. Sales Marketing Manager: Yes, I am thinking of informing the matter to the board and senior management of the company. After thinking for a while, Sales Marketing Manager called CEO. Sales Marketing Manager: Hello Sir, Jitender here. CEO: Yes Jitender. Sales Marketing Manager: I want to have an appointment with you. I had a word with the Minister of Punjab regarding our expansion strategy in Punjab. CEO: Yes. What did he said about our policies? Will he convince with our proposal? Sales Marketing Manager: No, Sir. CEO: Well, I think that we should provide 10% commission to the Minister in order to avoid any political disturbances. It is not following our ethical codes. However, it is mandatory. Sales Marketing Manager: Perhaps you are right. This joint venture is very essential for our company. India is a country with huge population. We will earn a substantial profit by selling our all ranges of product in the market. References DiStaso, M.W. and Bortree, D.S., 2014.Ethical practice of social media in public relations. Routledge. Frederick, R., 2013. Global Business Ethics.The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Kaptein, M., 2013. Business Codes of Multinational Firms: What Do They Say?. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 525-547). Springer Netherlands. Pop, N.A., Dabija, D.C. and Iorga, A.M., 2014. Ethical responsibility of neuromarketing companies in harnessing the market researchA global exploratory approach.Amfiteatru Economic,16(35), pp.26-40. Seele, P. and Lock, I., 2015. Instrumental and/or deliberative? A typology of CSR communication tools.Journal of Business Ethics,131(2), pp.401-414. Stone, R.J., 2013.Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons.

Why are immediate rewards more effective in inducing consumer behaviour desired by the marketer Essay Example

Why are immediate rewards more effective in inducing consumer behaviour desired by the marketer Paper Immediate rewards are categorised as product based promotions, this includes three groups; bonus packs, multi packs and free-gifts. Bonus packs are special factory packs that offer consumers more of a product at the same price (e.g. 10%, 20%, 50% extra product free) or offering a large pack for the price of the small pack. Multi packs are two or more packs banded together and offered at a reduced price; the super deal in multi pack promotions would be the BOGOF (buy one, get one free) and 3 for 2 offers. Cross promotions can be classified as an immediate reward (buy pasta sauce and get pasta free).Free-gifts can be made available in a variety of ways; the on-pack free-gift, the in-pack free-gift, the with pack free-gift, and the pack itself being the free-gift. There are also some contests such as the Walkers crisps à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 notes and free pack coupons giveaway in a form of a potential immediate reward as not all bags of Walkers contain these prizes. Promotions similar to the Boots Advantage Card whereby bonus points are accumulated to save money off the next purchase or a free-gift depending on how many points have been collected; (even though the procedure of collecting points may be lengthy) the procedure of redeeming the points at a moment in time can be considered as an immediate reward. Bonus packs, on-packs, in-packs, with packs and speciality containers all make products more appealing to consumers. They appear to reward them for their purchases, thereby possibly generating positive feelings toward the brand. Crossruffed premiums that consist of samples of other products made by the same manufacture may cause people to try those brands, which may result in future demand for them. Non-immediate promotions such as coupons, self liquidating premiums (SLP) and free mail ins (FMI) have minimal trade interest, coupons may be removed from the pack and misredeemed or malredeemed, they can appeal to a limited audience and have a high drop-out rate if not targeted at strong prospects. High value coupons can equal high risk of coupon abuse and are less attractive at low face values, it can easily be countered by the competition with the same or stronger reward level and redemption levels are uncertain. There is a low participation rate, they can cause difficulties of premium stock control and have minimal sales effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Why are immediate rewards more effective in inducing consumer behaviour desired by the marketer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why are immediate rewards more effective in inducing consumer behaviour desired by the marketer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why are immediate rewards more effective in inducing consumer behaviour desired by the marketer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Unlike non-immediate promotions, immediate rewards are attractive as they present an immediate gain to the consumer at the point of purchase; it has a direct impact. The promotions make the consumer feel good about themselves; the warm tingly feeling of getting a bargain and generates a positive feeling towards the brand. The packaging is usually eye catching, visual and exciting and the perceived value is higher than the cost to provide to the consumer; these offers have considerable on-shelf impact and high visibility and are a strong trial motivator as risk to consumer is removed. They allow consumers to make up their minds on complex or expensive propositions and can draw in applicants who would have declined otherwise, a strong gift can tempt even new users. Product based offers can generate high levels of motivation and participation and stimulate purchase; these promotions are instant. In regards to the brand immediate rewards may gain display space, especially if off-pack, as extra point-of-sale material will be needed to announce the offer, they can produce high incremental sales and a good offer can make a statement about the brands qualities. It can be economical for manufactures than money-off, it adds value to the brand and some promotions require no changes to the basic packaging (multi-pack), carrier products offer added value and the carried product offer brand awareness and trial. The promotion can drive loyalty and lock in portfolio buyers and strong offers may encourage immediate multiple purchases and so drive volume. Brands want to create a positive aura about themselves, sales promotion can help enhance the qualities of the brand; as well as a product based promotion being executed, if it is tied in will a cause related promotion (e.g. every unit bought 15p will go to charity) this can help increase a positive image of the brand. According to Lenard C. et al., (1998) consumers like promotions, they provide utilitarian benefits such as monetary savings, added value, increased quality, and convenience, as well as hedonic/pleasure benefits such as entertainment, exploration, and self-expression. Diamond and Sanyal., (1990) suggests that consumers perceive deals that are framed as presenting gains (buy one get one free') as more attractive versus those that are framed as reducing losses (get 50 percent off). Inman et al., (1997) found that deals with restrictions such as Limit 2 per customer or Offer good until certain date elicit higher evaluations from consumers than the same deals without such restrictions. According to Seibert., (1997) even within diverse forms of equivalent extra product (known as bonus-pack or volume) promotions, 91 percent of surveyed consumers appeared to favour the deal when it (the identical deal) was stated as percent more free rather than percent free and units free. These results are important as they can emphasize the impact that framing of the promotional offer has on consumers deal evaluation. Many of these types of immediate reward promotions can trigger the consumer to stockpile the product, and that alone can keep them away from the market place and competitors cannot have the chance to woo these consumers into buying a rival brand. The more the consumer has the more they will utilize or devour the merchandise; their consumption level increases, consequently, they will become familiar with the brand, which can ultimately result in brand loyalty. Research conducted by Ehrenberg et al., (1994) suggests that price promotions do not generally encourage people to trial a new brand, this works in portfolio markets (frequently bought goods such as groceries, petrol, cosmetics and toiletries, etc). Immediate rewards can be seen to work in the same way as price promotions in that they can encourage consumers to switch between brands that are already in their portfolio (i.e. they have bought them in the past), accelerate purchases, stockpile the promoted product and expand overall sales. To distinguish why immediate rewards are effective through consumer perception tools such as perceptual mapping and consumer surveys are useful. To observe whether immediate rewards are effective in regards to the company, sales data, AGB market research, Nielsen marketing research and tracking devices all provide a view of whether a promotion was successful/will be successful in the future. There can be many factors effecting consumer perception; Grewal et al., (1996) found that consumer perceptions of transaction value will be greater under positive mood than under negative mood. Further more, shoppers in a positive mood are likely to attend more to the favourable side of discount offerings (e.g. obtaining products at lower costs) or they may retrieve positive toned material from their memory at the time of judgement. Consequently, even a small extra discount may add to their pleasure. (Grewal et al., (1996) model of the effects of comparative price advertising on perceptions of value and proposed mood effects on perceived transaction value are on page 10-11). Free-gifts can often be linked to pester power; Kelloggs, McDonalds, Burger King are big users of free-gift items. Pester Power is the name given to marketing techniques which encourage children to nag their parents to purchase a particular product. For instance, advertisers use famous pop stars such as S Club 7 and footballers such as David Beckham to entice children into wanting their products. Link-ups with childrens films and cartoon characters are another enormous money-spinner. In July 2002 McDonalds Happy Meal, came with a free Smurf character one of nine characters which children are encouraged to collect. Children love collecting toys and McDonalds in particular have made this a key element in encouraging children to eat their food. Therefore, in large part, understanding the childrens market necessitates knowledge of the complex inter-relationship between parents, primarily mothers, as purchasers and children as end users. Even though the children may not pay for the items, the growth in the appreciation of pester power is indicative of the fact that children, like their adult counterparts, are becoming accomplished consumers at an even younger age. In recent years, pester power has been one of the buzzwords of the children marketing industry. Harnessing its power has become a holy grail for those who believe it to be the key to parents purse strings. The shortcomings with immediate rewards are as follows: bonus packs require changes to packaging and this is not available to all brands, it may be very costly to short-run and can present shelving problems to trade, bonus packs can have drawbacks in terms of production capability, warehousing, shipping, inventory, and shelving. Some oversize containers need significant modifications in the filling process. In some cases, the bonus pack bottle may be an inch higher or the buy-one-get-one-free pack twice as big, and so will not fit on the shelf. Multi packs can also cause shelving difficulties, they may be costly to run as banding is labour intensive (especially for smaller manufacturers) and requires considerable lead-time (manufactures do not produce the normal amount of their product when banding them together, the amount decreases). Free-gifts can be potentially expensive, merchandise is subject to pilferage, if the item is missing the consumer is less likely to buy the product, i t can be difficult to identify suitable products and may affect brand image if the gift is not of an adequate quality. When stockpiling occurs companies need to ensure that there is enough of the product available to suit demand as this can result in the consumer buying a rival brand and in bad publicity for the company that can consequently effect the brand image. Additional promotion to the trade may need to be implemented in return for efficient stocking of shelves/a point of sale/extra shelving space/allowing wobblers or footprints leading to the promoted product to be used in-store; meaning more money spent by the company, the more a company wants to be noticed the more money is needed to do so. Promotions are not as profitable as when the volume of merchandise is sold normally, after a promotion is conducted it may be difficult for companies to sell their product at the regular price and quantity. If a retailer is providing an immediate reward and the manufacture disagrees with it because it may potentially damage and undermine the brand image problems may occur, such as court hearings, as happened in the past with Levi and Calvin Klein objecting to their product being sold at an inferior price at supermarket chains such as Tesco. Bonus packs are generally unappealing to consumers who do not usually buy the product (if I dont usually use margarine, why would I want an extra 6oz of the product?). Also, in many cases, consumers may not believe that they are getting extra product for their money, suspecting that the price had been raised or that the new quantity offered is actually the regular amount. Can the quotes above really reflect the truth about what consumers think, if we stop to observe a supermarket floor when the store is executing big deals such as buy-one-get-one-free (which in theory is 100% free) and the product is in the consumers portfolio, do we see the majority of consumers not buying into that product? The answer would be a strong no! Stores such as Safeway often put a limit to the amount a customer can buy because the products offered are swiftly purchased, this can be proof enough that consumers tend to be pleased of promotions and stock-up. According to Ehrenberg, (2002 e-mail) 1. If immediate rewards have big effects, they are usually up and then down again (like with promotions). Put another way, immediate reward schemes are usually too costly to sustain over time. 2. Most market changes are slow. At any one time, any effect therefore looks small. Accumulated over time the effect can be bigger. However, it is then likely to be confused by other marketing-mix inputs. Smith et al., (2000) discovered that the results for price points suggested that subjects generally preferred price promotions for higher priced categories; however, they preferred volume promotions for lower priced categories, again demonstrating the importance of transaction value. Sales promotions affect brand sales in numerous ways for instance brand switching, stock piling, purchase acceleration and category expansion. However, not each and every one of these effects need to be present for all types of sales promotions. In the case of a short-term shelf-price reduction valid only for a week, customers will have more incentive to stockpile the product as opposed to a coupon promotion with a longer validity period. Sales promotion activities are by no means going to be uniformly profitable to all players in the market place but almost all companies need to utilize sales promotions as either offensive and/or defensive tools in the never ending battle for markets, Smith et al., (2000). Companies need to weigh out their objectives and link them to the effective type of promotion right for them, what is the promotion that will achieve the factor they want? Sales promotions are unique in their ability to respond in quick, focused, and flexible ways to motivate consumer or trade or counter attack the sales promotion activities of competitors. There are many types of sales promotions, from coupons to contests and sweepstakes, refunds and sampling to continuity programs and trade deals. Blattberg and Neslin,. (1990) summarises the popular sales promotional tools on page 10. Sales promotion is all about getting the brand noticed, to build brand awareness, to induce trial of a new brand or modified brand, to retain previous customers and create brand loyalty. The greater the sample group the brand entices the bigger the number of consumers likely to stay with the brand, the longer the promotion the greater the figure of samplers, however the longer the promotion the more expensive it becomes. An integrated effort of all marketing communication tools can achieve better results for a long-term benefit for the brand, than just singular tools used.